Tree House Construction Workshop - Looking Back

From the far window, the traffic can be heard from the street below where the horns endlessly bleat their angry tune. The air-con groans from it's perch above the door, cutting through the otherwise silent, stuffy interior of my hotel room. I feel that it's difficult for an individual to feel at ease in a hotel room, isolated as they are in a little box while the fellow on the other side of the wall  does the same. At times I find it's all I wish for during a long multi-bed hostel stay, but it's really not worth the wishing. I'll take forced socialisation over voluntary self-isolation any day.  Anyhow, luckily I'll only be here for a few hours as I've just arrived from my (much more homely) hostel in Auroville and am due to catch a flight back home in the early hours of tomorrow morning. I had planned to continue volunteering in Auroville, then fly on to New Zealand in a few weeks time, but due to CoViD19, the border has been shut and flights are being cancelled, so I thought it best to return as quickly as possible. Now I have some time to sit in peace and quite I thought I should do some writing. I want to tell you guys about the Tree House Construction Workshop which I finished last week: check out my funky certificate tae prove it - 

So lets get down to the practicalities - What did I learn? 

It's All about Balance

If you ask a tree house guy what's the best way to put a house in a tree, you'll get many different responses. Some will say use implants, which are metal braces that fit into holes drilled in the tree, while others will say this will cause too much damage and rather you can build a perfectly sound structure by finding a tree that has a suitable branch arrangement from which to rest your tree house structure upon. I must confess, I do not have enough knowledge yet to know how damaging (or not) implants can be, but I do know that the more traditional approach feels less intrusive and highlights the natural beauty of the tree. In Auroville, they choose to build in this way and as evidenced by their prolific portfolio of fine tree houses, this method works rather well. I was incredibly amazed by the whole process of building our one-week-treehouse, where the base structure really does just sit on the natural crotches and bends in the tree. This method does have it's obvious limitations as the tree dictates what shape/size ect of tree house you can build, but I feel in some ways this is a positive rather than negative limitation. Implants make the natural, un-natural and sometimes sit in awkward opposition to the trees that provide its support. Implants effectively turn the trees into simple posts, distracting from their natural beauty, a house built between the trees rather than a house in the trees. More than anything, it just feels better to build something which inflicts the least damage to tree as possible, drilling a great big hole and shoving a metal rod through the centre just feels a little wrong.

Coconut Fuzz - You can make rope out of it!

The hairy stuff that covers the coconut shell can be be used to create rope. We used this rope to lash and fasten together most of the tree house. In Tamil Nadu, it's an extremely popular building material and can be seen holding together many different structures. The THC have devised particular methods and techniques to make sure the rope performs at its best which include: 

- The rope usually comes in a big roll which unravels and contains bunches of shorter rope. These bunches can then be unravelled and made into a bundle. The bundles make it easier to use the rope. To make a bundle, hold the looped end of the rope in  your hand and begin to wind it around your palm, wind most of the rope until you have about an arms length left. Slide the wound rope off your hand and then wind the rest around the middle of the rope and tie off. This creates a bundle that when the looped end is pulled will release the rope gradually. This is very useful when you're using the rope for tying beams ect together as you don't have to keep pulling through large lengths of rope.

- As you are making the bundles, soak them in a tub of water, this will reduce friction when your using the rope. Also when the rope dries out, it shrinks and tightens. Likewise, if you use dry rope to fasten things together, when it rains the rope will loosen.

- When using the rope to fasten things together (such as floor beams or a platform beam to a tree) hold the bundle in one hand and the loop in the other, pass the bundle around one beam, letting the rope unravel and then pass it through the loop. You should now have a claw knot. Make one full round of the beam again, then begin to loop around both. When tying, it is important to keep tension on the rope at all times, use one hand to keep tension while the other is making another loop around the beams. 

-Coconut rope can last up to around 3yrs before it starts to degrade and needs replacing. 

-Use gloves, this stuff is hella rough. Your hands will thank you for it

Trees Are Strong. 

During the build I was frequently surprised by how much weight not only the trunk, but the outer limbs could support. Had I been building by myself I would never even considered placing some of the structural beams where we did. The tree house we built sits just above the meeting place of a Neem and Tamarind tree, but the main structure sits in the tamarind. A large branch splits off the main trunk and tapers to a fork. The base structure is a triangle with the tip sitting in the fork and the wider end sitting above the main trunk where the tree splits. Once finished, we had 15 people in the tree house and apart from the natural swaying of the tree, there was no movement whatsoever. In trees we trust!

Bamboo is Very Funky.

I'd never used or even been close to bamboo before coming to Auroville, but now I'm wishing I'd grabbed some to take back in my suitcase! Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants in the world and certain species can grow up to around 40mm in one hour! As a construction material it is incredibly versatile. We used the bamboo for creating the base structure as well as the roof, railings 

and.. probably some other things too. Bamboo culms grow in hollow segments called internodes, with each segment marked by a node. It's relatively lightweight and by using a  machete it can be quickly split lengthwise into strips which are extremely flexible. We wanted our tree house to have a domed roof but due to time constraints we decided this would be a bit too tricky to execute. Instead, we decided to go for a parasol-type conical shaped roof. To do this, we fixed four vertical bamboo culms to the extremities of the base structure, then bent the ends of these until they touched and fastened them together. We then attached smaller strips of bamboo horizontally  to form rings around the four culms all the way to the top. leaves of the Borassus flabellifer palm were then used to cover the roof structure.  During one of the build days we also used the bamboo to steam cook our lunch. We cut pieces with the node cap at one end and an open end at the other. Rice, veggies ect. were placed inside with water and then placed directly in the fire. The outside of the bamboo will burn while the inside heats up and boils the water. Once everything has been cooked, the bamboo is removed from the fire and split open to reveal the nicely cooked meal inside.

I think I'll end this post here, but there is still so much more I learnt and must write about from my trip in the trees.  - More posts will be forthcoming - 

Check out these pictures of the final tree house:

The best view:

The Team

What is a Tree?

What is a Tree?

So I've just completed the first official day of the Tree House Construction Workshop, but first I'd like to cover a subject we touched on during the day: 

What is a tree? 

This question can be answered in many different ways. Trees are both biological wonders as well as natural curiosities. They have been revered for centuries and their impact on mythology and folklore cannot be understated. Often seen as having mystical and magical powers, trees have captured our collective imaginations for centuries. For the traditional woodworker, the connection between material and craftsman has long been documented (check out the Cabinet Maker's Notebook by James Krenov). During the time I spent working in the forest, I am now beginning to understand this relationship for myself. I have come to feel more connected with the material I have used so often and never have I had the chance to work so closely with its source. One can buy and work with wood without giving much thought for the tree from which it came. Much like how our supermarket meat comes cleanly wrapped and packaged in plastic, saving us from thinking about how or where it came from. This zombie-like way of mindless consumption is worrying and allows us to live a life disconnected from reality and responsibility. I am so glad I've had this experience which has set me down a new path of deeper understanding. The feeling of knowing, of understanding is liberating, to master a subject is just that. I now feel I am at the beginning of a new way of seeing, a new perspective is opening up and a broader, more wholesome connection between me and my work is possible. Now I must continue my research and continue on my path of learning. A higher lever of understating and connection can always be achieved.  

    

So to answer this question scientifically - 

Scientists still can't completely decide how a tree should be defined - Here's a few definitions: 

- "The generally accepted definition of a tree is that it is a plant with a more or less permanent shoot system that is supported by a single woody fibrous trunk."

-  “a woody perennial plant, typically having a single stem or trunk growing to a considerable height (usually at least 13 feet) and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground.”

The difference between a tree and a shrub?

Shrubs normally branch near the ground and sometimes have several narrow stems rather than one single trunk. Having several stems means a shrub can support many leaves but their overall structure is less rigid than one single, thick tree trunk.

Trees and Fungi - A symbiotic relationship:

Roots provide structural anchorage to keep trees from toppling over. They also have a massive system for harvesting the enormous quantities of water and the mineral resources of the soil required by trees. In some cases, roots supplement the nutrition of the tree through symbiotic associations, such as with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and fungal symbionts called mycorrhizae, which are known to increase phosphorous uptake. 

What are mycorrhiza? Mycorrhiza is the term given to the symbiotic association between a plant and a fungus. The plant makes organic molecules such as sugars by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus, and the fungus supplies to the plant water and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus, taken from the soil. Mycorrhizae exist as very tiny, almost entirely microscopic threads called hyphae. The hyphae are all interconnected into a net-like web called a mycelium, which measures hundreds or thousands of miles which are all packed into a tiny area around the plant. The mycelium of a single mycorrhiza can then extend outward and connect multiple plants and even connect with other mycorrhizae to form a Frankenstein-like underground mash-up called a common mycorrhizal network. There are two different types of mycorrhizal connection. One is called ectomycorrhizae and simply surrounds the outside of the roots. The other is called endomycorrhizae and actually grows inside of the plant—their hyphae squeeze in between the cell wall and the cell membranes of the roots. 

Plants are able to get nutrients themselves through their roots, but they have a limited ability to do so. Their roots need to be in direct contact with the soil to absorb the nutrients, and plant roots only grow so small. Fungi, on the other hand, can get much smaller. Fungal hyphae can wedge in between individual bits of soil to cover almost every available cubic millimeter of soil. This increases surface area and allows the plants much greater access to nutrients than they could get by themselves. For many plants living under difficult conditions, they wouldn’t be able to survive at all without mycorrhizae. 

More info on mycelium and mycorrhizal connection:

Around 90% of land plants are in mutually-beneficial relationships with fungi. The 19th-century German biologist Albert Bernard Frank coined the word "mycorrhiza" to describe these partnerships, in which the fungus colonises the roots of the plant. Fungal networks also boost their host plants' immune systems. That's because, when a fungus colonises the roots of a plant, it triggers the production of defense-related chemicals. These make later immune system responses quicker and more efficient, a phenomenon called "priming". Simply plugging in to mycelial networks makes plants more resistant to disease. Researchers have found evidence that plants can go one better, and communicate through the mycelia. In 2010, Ren Sen Zeng of South China Agricultural University in Guangzhou found that when plants are attached by harmful fungi, they release chemical signals into the mycelia that warn their neighbours. Zeng's team grew pairs of tomato plants in pots. Some of the plants were allowed to form mycorrhizae.

Once the fungal networks had formed, the leaves of one plant in each pair were sprayed with Alternaria solani, a fungus that causes early blight disease. Air-tight plastic bags were used to prevent any above-ground chemical signalling between the plants.

After 65 hours, Zeng tried to infect the second plant in each pair. He found they were much less likely to get blight, and had significantly lower levels of damage when they did, if they had mycelia. "We suggest that tomato plants can 'eavesdrop' on defense responses and increase their disease resistance against potential pathogen," Zeng and his colleagues wrote. So not only do the mycorrhizae allow plants to share food, they help them defend themselves. However sometimes the mycelial networks can also bring harm to plants. There are plants that don't have chlorophyll, so unlike most plants they cannot produce their own energy through photosynthesis. Some of these plants, such as the phantom orchid, extract the carbon they need from nearby trees, via the mycelia of fungi that both are connected to.

How Does a Tree Grow?

In humans and other animals growth can occur in most parts of the body.  As we mature, our bones, skin and muscle all increase in size.  Trees do not grow like this.  Trees grow by producing new cells in a very limited number of places.  These places of cell division are called meristems.  Meristems are zones of intense activity.  They are where all new cells are formed and where they expand. 

• Trees grow in height as a result of meristems that are located at their branch tips.  These meristems are called apical meristems. Roots also expand through the soil by growing at their tips as a result of apical meristems. All buds that you see on a tree contain apical meristems. Apical growth is called primary growth.
• Trunk diameter growth occurs as a result of axillary or lateral meristems in the cambium. The cambium area produces new xylem  and phloem each year. Axillary growth is called secondary growth. 
• Xylem is the woody tissue, it transports water and minerals, provides structure  and stores carbohydrates. Trees, as relatively tall plants, need to draw water up the stem through the xylem from the roots by the suction produced as water evaporates from the leaves.  
• Pholem is the inner bark cells. 

In every growing season the cells of the cambium divide to produce layers of new cells: On the outer side of the cambium new cells are added to the phloem; the part of the tree responsible for transporting sugars, produced by the leaves to other parts of the tree. On the inner side of the cambium new woody cells are added to the xylem. The xylem cells made in spring are wide with thin walls. These wide cells help the tree transport large volumes of water from the roots to the trunk and branches to support the growth of new leaves and flowers.

Parts of a tree

Roots

The roots of a tree serve to anchor it to the ground and gather water and nutrients to transfer to all parts of the tree. The radicle or embryonic root is the first part of a seedling to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. This develops into a taproot which goes straight downwards. Within a few weeks lateral roots branch out of the side of this and grow horizontally through the upper layers of the soil. In most trees, the taproot eventually withers away and the wide-spreading laterals remain. The tree acquires minerals such as phosphorus from the soil and fungus.  Many large trees have buttress roots which flare out from the lower part of the trunk. These brace the tree rather like angle brackets and provide stability, reducing sway in high winds. They are particularly prevalent in tropical rainforests where the soil is poor and the roots are close to the surface.

Trunk

The trunk transports water and nutrients from the roots to the aerial parts of the tree, and distributes the food produced by the leaves to all other parts, including the roots. In the case of angiosperms and gymnosperms, the outermost layer of the trunk is the bark. The bark is perforated by a large number of fine breathing pores called lenticels, through which oxygen diffuses. The innermost layer of bark is known as the phloem and this is involved in the transport of the sap containing the sugars made by photosynthesis to other parts of the tree. Inside the phloem is a layer of undifferentiated cells one cell thick called the vascular cambium layer. The cells are continually dividing, creating phloem cells on the outside and wood cells known as xylem on the inside. The newly created xylem is the sapwood. It is composed of water-conducting cells and associated cells which are often living, and is usually pale in colour. It transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. The oldest, inner part of the sapwood is progressively converted into heartwood as new sapwood is formed at the cambium.

Buds

Trees do not usually grow continuously throughout the year but mostly have spurts of active expansion followed by periods of rest. This pattern of growth is related to climatic conditions; growth normally ceases when conditions are either too cold or too dry. In readiness for the inactive period, trees form buds to protect the meristem, the zone of active growth. Before the period of dormancy, the last few leaves produced at the tip of a twig form scales. These are thick, small and closely wrapped and enclose the growing point in a waterproof sheath. Inside this bud there is a rudimentary stalk and neatly folded miniature leaves, ready to expand when the next growing season arrives.

Leaves

Leaves are structures specialised for photosynthesis. They are an important investment by the tree and may be thorny or contain phytoliths, lignins, tannins or poisons to discourage herbivory. Photosynthesis provides most of the oxygen that humans and animals breathe. Here’s how it works: Tree and plant roots absorb water, as well as minerals and nutrients, from the soil. At the same time, the leaves or needles absorb carbon dioxide from the air. These raw materials flow to plant cells containing chlorophyll. Chlorophyll uses sunlight energy to transform the carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbon-based compounds such as glucose, a sugar that helps plants grow. In the process, the plant or tree produces excess oxygen, which it releases into the atmosphere.

Seeds

Seeds are the primary way that trees reproduce and their seeds vary greatly in size and shape. Some of the largest seeds come from trees, but the largest tree, Sequoiadendron giganteum, produces one of the smallest tree seeds.

Tree Reproduction

Seed plants have special structures on them where male and female cells join together through a process called fertilisation. After fertilisation, a tiny plant called an embryo is formed inside a seed. The seed protects the embryo and stores food for it. The parent plant disperses or releases the seed. If the seed lands where the conditions are right, the embryo germinates and grows into a new plant.

Angiosperms vs. Gymnosperms?

Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones. By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetales (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo (a single living species).

Angiosperms – seed plants with flowers: Angiosperms have flowers. The flowers are special structures for reproduction. They contain male parts that make pollen and female parts that contain ovules. Some plants have these male and female parts in different flowers. Pollen is carried from a male part to a female part by wind, insects or other animals (a process called pollination), where it releases male gametes that fertilise the female gametes in the ovules. The ovules develop into seeds from which new plants will grow. In most angiosperms, part of the flower develops into fruit, which protects the seeds inside them. Fruit can be soft like oranges or hard like nuts.

Gymnosperms – seed plants with cones:

Gymnosperms are seed plants but their seeds are held in cones. Male cones make pollen, which is carried to female cones by the wind. After the female gametes are fertilised by male gametes from the pollen, the female cones produce seeds, which are then scattered away from the plant by wind or animals.

Evergreen or Deciduous?

Trees are either evergreen and have foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year, or deciduous and shed their leaves at the end of the growing season and then have a dormant period without foliage.

What is Sap?

Saps may be broadly divided into two types: xylem sap and phloem sap. Xylem sap transports water, minerals and hormones from the bottom to the top of the tree.

Phloem sap is the sticky sugary stuff we tend to come into contact with whether by accident or on purpose. This is made up of the sugars created by photosynthesis, which is then fed back into the tree and leaves as much-needed food during the growth period.  Often the reason we encounter sap on the outside of a tree is because something is wrong. Leaking sap on the bark can be a sign of disease, pests or damage. A common pest that causes damage to trees, and forces protective action, is the bark beetle. These burrow into the tree to lay their eggs under the bark layer. When the eggs hatch the larvae burrow start to carve out a network of deep burrows, and it usually requires chemical treatment to save the tree. However the tree’s own sap can often serve as an effective defense mechanism – the holes made by the burrowing adult beetle fill up with the sticky fluid, which can prevent it laying the eggs and even sometimes trap it.

Tree Facts:

• Leaves clean the air and water by filtering out dust, particles, and pollutants. They also release oxygen into the air as a by-product of photosynthesis. Leaves cool the surrounding air temperature by evaporating water, lessening the heating effect of pavement and buildings in cities. The bigger the trees, the greater the effect.

• The number of trees in the world, according to a 2015 estimate, is 3.04 trillion, of which 1.39 trillion (46%) are in the tropics or sub-tropics, 0.61 trillion (20%) in the temperate zones, and 0.74 trillion (24%) in the coniferous boreal forests. 

• There are around 80,000 species growing worldwide

• Trees are the tallest free-standing organisms in the world. They live longer and become larger than any other living organism on earth

• An estimated 15 billion trees are cut down annually and about 5 billion are planted. In the 12,000 years since the start of human agriculture, the number of trees worldwide has decreased by 46%.

Where to find botanical illustrations online? Check out this site

https://www.botanicalartandartists.com/botanical-and-herbal-art-online.html 

Sites Used:

https://biologydictionary.net/apical-meristem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap

https://www.thetreecenter.com/what-is-tree-sap/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root

https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/100-plant-reproduction

https://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question86420.html

http://www.fao.org/3/AD230E/AD230E02.htm

https://www.britannica.com/science/plant-reproductive-system

https://sciencing.com/how-do-trees-reproduce-13429118.html

https://oregonforests.org/content/photosynthesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

https://sciencing.com/photosynthesis-work-plants-5479729.html

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/overview-of-photosynthesis/

http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/encyc/encarta.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phellem

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm

https://conifersociety.org/conifers/taxus-baccata/

https://www.britannica.com/plant/gymnosperm/Appearance-of-gymnosperm-divisions#ref1003789

https://conifersociety.org/conifers/articles/what-is-a-conifer-tree/

http://ibfra.org/about-boreal-forests/

https://www.diffen.com/difference/Angiosperms_vs_Gymnosperms

https://climate-woodlands.extension.org/tree-biology/

http://www.nysenvirothon.org/Referencesandother/Tree_Biology1.pdf

https://ctpa.org/wp-content/uploads/IntroductiontoTree-Biology.pdf

https://biologydictionary.net/apical-meristem/

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet

https://biologydictionary.net/mycorrhizae/

http://www.mykepro.com/mycorrhizae-benefits-application-and-research.aspx

https://untamedscience.com/biology/ecology/mycorrhizae/

https://www.britannica.com/science/mycorrhiza

http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forsite/howdoes.htm

https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2018/what-makes-tree-tree

https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2018/what-makes-tree-tree

https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/albums/72157713265853606

https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/albums/72157713162320097

x - Thanks for reading - x

Understanding Taxonomy and Botanical Classification

After learning about some of the scientific names of the local plants in Auroville, I wanted to learn more about the botanical classification system and taxonomy. I feel that once you know a little, it goes along way and the knwldege can open up a while new way of seeing the forest - the similarities between species, easier identification ect. Also learning such cool sounding words like "Borassus Flabellifer" will give you an endless source of awesome  baby names, band names or new insults. Here's what I researched:

What is Taxonomy?

The word originates from Ancient Greek: taxis meaning (“arrangement”) and nomos meaning (“law”). Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. The classification of organisms has various hierarchical categories. Categories gradually shift from being very broad and including many different organisms to very specific and identifying single species. There are eight distinct taxonomic categories. Animals and other organisms are classified within a succession of nested categories that ranges from the general to the particular. These are: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Each level of the hierarchy is called the taxonomic category or rank.

Domain

A domain is the highest (most general) rank of organisms. Linnaeus did invent some of the taxonomic ranks, but he did not invent the domain rank, which is relatively new. The term domain wasn’t used until 1990, over 250 years after Linnaeus developed his classification system in 1735. The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.

Kingdom

The kingdom is the highest level of classification, which is divided into subgroups at various levels. There are 5 kingdoms in which the living organisms are classified, namely, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

Phylum

This is the next level of classification and is more specific than the kingdom. There are 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia. For Example – Porifera, Chordata, Arthropoda, etc.

Class

Class was the most general rank in the taxonomic hierarchy until phyla were not introduced. Kingdom Animalia includes 108 classes including class mammalia, reptilia, aves, etc. However, the classes used today are different from those proposed by Linnaeus and are not used frequently.

Order

Order is a more specific rank than class. The order constitutes one or more than one similar families. There are around 26 orders in class mammalia such as primates, carnivora, etc.

Family

This category of taxonomic hierarchy includes various genera that share a few similarities. For eg., the families in the order Carnivora include Canidae, Felidae, Ursidae, etc.

Genus

A group of similar species forms a genus. Some genera have only one species and is known as monotypic, whereas, some have more than one species and is known as polytypic. For eg., lion and tiger are placed under the genus Panthera.

Species

It is the lowest level of taxonomic hierarchy. There are about 8.7 million different species on earth. It refers to a group of organisms that are similar in shape, form, reproductive features. Species can be further divided into sub-species.

Binomial Naming System

Scientists use a two-name system called a Binomial Naming System. A binomial name means that it's made up of two words (bi-nomial). The "Genus" and "Species" categories from the Taxonomic hierarchy are used to create the scientific name. The first word is the genus and the second is the species. The first word is capitalized and the second is not. The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens. Homo is the genus name, while sapiens is the species name. All other species in the genus Homo are extinct. Some were ancestral to humans, such as Homo erectus. Others lived at the same time, were closely related, and interbred with Homo sapiens, such as Homo neanderthalensis, the Neanderthals. The “genus” is the larger of the two groups and can be equated to the use of a last name like “Smith.” For example, genus identifies one as “Smith” and the species would be akin to an individual’s first name, like “Joe.”

Read more at Gardening Know How: Botanical Nomenclature Guide: The Meaning Of Latin Plant Names https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/latin-plant-names.htm

 

Facts about Taxonomy: 

• The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy.
• The genus begins with a capital letter, whereas the first letter in the specific epithet is lower-case. Both are italicized.
• Sometimes in plant taxonomy, you will see a third name. In such cases, we are simply getting more specific, accounting for variation within a species. Most commonly, this third name indicates a cultivar (cultivated variety); it will appear in single quotation marks and its first letter is capitalized. But, sometimes, this third name indicates a variety (naturally occurring variety). 

Botanical Taxonomy 

In botanical binomial Latin, the genus is a noun and the species is a descriptive adjective for it. Take for example, Acer is the Latin plant name (genus) for maple. Since there are many different types of maple, another name (the species) is added to for positive identification. So, when confronted with the name Acer rubrum (red maple), the gardener will know he/she is looking at a maple with vibrant red fall leaves. This is helpful as Acer rubrum remains the same regardless of whether the gardener is in Iowa or elsewhere in the world.

Lets look at some examples - (Focusing on the genus pinus (Pine))

The genus Pinus contains around 126 species and is the largest genus of conifers and the most widespread genus of trees in the Northern Hemisphere.

Pinus Genus:

Common Name: Scots Pine

Scientific Name: Pinus sylvestris

Name Origin: The Pinus sylvestris (Pinus = Pine, sylvestris = of the forest)

Description: Scots pine is an evergreen conifer native to northern Europe. Mature trees grow to 35m and can live for up to 700 years. The bark is a scaly orange-brown, which develops plates and fissures with age.

Common Name: Lodgepole Pine 
Scientific Name: Pinus contorta 
(Pinus = Pine, Contorta = Contorted)
Description: A tall, slender, straight tree which grows throughout most of the US interior.



Common Name: Sugar Pine
Scientific Name: Pinus lambertiana 
Name Origin:( Pinus = Pine, lambertiana = named for the British botanist Aylmer Bourke Lambert)
Native to the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Ranges at 3,000-5,000' elevation. Occurs naturally among other pines, firs and incense cedars, which usually predominate. Not readily adaptable to cultivation.


Three Trees I learnt about which are native to Tamil Nadu: 

Common Name: Lignum Vitae
Scientific Name: As above
Name Origin:(Lignum = wood, vitae = of life)
Description: "Lignum vitae" is Latin for "wood of life", and derives its name from its medicinal uses; lignum vitae resin has been used to treat a variety of medical conditions from coughs to arthritis, and chips of the wood can also be used to brew a tea. Lignum Vitae is regarded by most to be both the heaviest and hardest wood in the world. Its durability in submerged or ground-contact applications is also exceptional. Lignum Vitae has been used for propeller shaft bearings on ships, and its natural oils provide self-lubrication that gives the wood excellent wear resistance.



Common Name: Ceylon Ebony
Scientific Name: Diospyros ebenum
Name Origin: Not Known 
Description: Heartwood is a jet black, sometimes with grey or dark brown streaks. Pale yellow sapwood is clearly demarcated from heartwood. Ironically, the very best quality ebony looks like black plastic. Although Ceylon Ebony was the original ebony of commerce, it’s seldom available today. Expect prices to be very high, and availability to be very scarce. 

Common Name: Red sandalwood
Scientific Name: Pterocarpus santalinus
Name Origin:  The generic name ‘Pterocarpus’ is derived from the Greek root words, ‘pteron’ means a wing and ‘karpos’ means a fruit, referring to the winged pot or feathery fruits. The specific epithet ‘santalinus’ is derived from noun base ‘Sandal’ and Latin adjectival suffix ‘inus’ means like, which hints that this plant is possessing the characteristics of or resembling to that of Sandal or Sandalwood.
Description: Pterocarpus santalinus is a light-demanding small tree, growing to 8 metres (26 ft) tall with a trunk 50–150 cm diameter. It is fast-growing when young, reaching 5 metres (16 ft) tall in three years, even on degraded soils. It is not frost tolerant, being killed by temperatures of −1 °C.


Websites Referenced:

• https://www.wood-database.com/zitan/
• https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lignum_vitae
• https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?itemID=900
• https://gardenerspath.com/plants/landscape-trees/identifying-conifers/
• https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/Pages/pingla/pingla.shtml
• https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/TreeList.cfm
• https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taeda#Latin
• https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/scots-pine/
• https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_contorta.php
• https://www.thespruce.com/why-we-use-botanical-nomenclature-2131099
• https://conifersociety.org/conifers/pinus-glabra/
• https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy
• https://basicbiology.net/biology-101/taxonomy
• https://biologydictionary.net/taxonomy/
• https://wimastergardener.org/article/whats-in-a-name-understanding-botanical-or-latin-names/
• https://www.arborday.org/trees/whattree/
• https://www.thespruce.com/scientific-names-of-plants-listed-alphabetically-4120570
• https://www.anbg.gov.au/chah/avh/help/names/index.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature